Items where Research Group is "Climatic Research Unit

Article

Abish, B., Cherchi, Annalisa and Ratna, Satyaban B. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-8165 (2018) ENSO and the recent warming of the Indian Ocean. International Journal of Climatology, 38 (1). 203–214. ISSN 0899-8418

Agnew, Maureen, Banic, Ivana, Lake, Iain R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5357, Goodess, Clare ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-4479, Grossi, Carlota M., Jones, Natalia R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-2985, Plavec, Davor, Epstein, Michelle and Turkalj, Mirjana (2018) Modifiable risk factors for common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) allergy and disease in children: A case-control study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (7). ISSN 1660-4601

Arnell, Nigel W., Lowe, Jason A., Lloyd-Hughes, Ben and Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799 (2018) The impacts avoided with a 1.5C climate target: a global and regional assessment. Climatic Change, 147 (1-2). 61–76. ISSN 0165-0009

Ashcroft, Linden, Coll, Joan Ramon, Gilabert, Alba, Domonkos, Peter, Brunet, Manola, Aguilar, Enric, Castella, Mercè, Sigro, Javier, Harris, Ian, Unden, Per and Jones, Phil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 (2018) A rescued dataset of sub-daily meteorological observations for Europe and the southern Mediterranean region, 1877–2012. Earth System Science Data, 10 (3). pp. 1613-1635. ISSN 1866-3516

Brönnimann, Stefan, Brugnara, Yuri, Allan, Rob J., Brunet, Manola, Compo, Gilbert P., Crouthamel, Richard I., Jones, Philip D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Jourdain, Sylvie, Luterbacher, Jürg, Siegmund, Peter, Valente, Maria Antónia and Wilkinson, Clive W. (2018) A roadmap to climate data rescue services. Geoscience Data Journal, 5 (1). pp. 28-39. ISSN 2049-6060

Büntgen, Ulf and Participants of the 2017 UK Dendro Meeting (2018) The value of national dendro meetings. Dendrochronologia, 48. pp. 30-31. ISSN 1125-7865

Challinor, Andy J., Adger, W. Neil, Benton, Tim G., Conway, Declan, Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811 and Frame, Dave (2018) Transmission of climate risks across sectors and borders. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376 (2121). ISSN 1471-2962

Cherchi, Annalisa, Ratna, Satyaban Bishoyi ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8780-8165, Masina, Simona, Storto, Andrea, Yang, Chunxue, Fratianni, Claudia, Simoncelli, Simona and Pinardi, Nadia (2018) Evaluation of Amip-type atmospheric fields as forcing for Mediterranean Sea and global ocean reanalyses. Annals of Geophysics, 61 (5). ISSN 1593-5213

Colon Gonzalez, Felipe De Jesus, Harris, Ian, Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, São Bernardo, Christine Steiner, Peres, Carlos A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1588-8765, Hunter, Paul R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5608-6144 and Lake, Iain R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5357 (2018) Limiting global-mean temperature increase to 1.5-2°C could reduce the incidence and spatial spread of dengue fever in Latin America. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115 (24). pp. 6243-6248. ISSN 0027-8424

Cornes, Richard C., van der Schrier, Gerard, van den Besselaar, Else J. M. and Jones, Philip D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 (2018) An ensemble version of the E-OBS temperature and precipitation datasets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (17). pp. 9391-9409. ISSN 2169-897X

Haqq-Misra, Jacob, Wolf, Eric T., Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811, Zhang, Xi and Kumar Kopparapu, Ravi (2018) Demarcating circulation regimes of synchronously rotating terrestrial planets within the habitable zone. Astrophysical Journal, 852 (2). ISSN 0004-637X

He, Shengping, Knudsen, Erlend M., Thompson, David W. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-4376 and Furevik, Tore (2018) Evidence for predictive skill of high-latitude climate due to midsummer sea ice extent anomalies. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (17). pp. 9114-9122. ISSN 0094-8276

Le Quéré, Corinne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-0452, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Hauck, Judith, Pongratz, Julia, Pickers, Penelope A., Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Arneth, Almut, Arora, Vivek K., Barbero, Leticia, Bastos, Ana, Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Doney, Scott C., Gkritzalis, Thanos, Goll, Daniel S., Harris, Ian, Haverd, Vanessa, Hoffman, Forrest M., Hoppema, Mario, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Johannessen, Truls, Jones, Chris D., Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Goldewijk, Kees Klein, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lienert, Sebastian, Liu, Zhu, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Neill, Craig, Olsen, Are, Ono, Tsueno, Patra, Prabir, Peregon, Anna, Peters, Wouter, Peylin, Philippe, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rocher, Matthias, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schuster, Ute, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Steinhoff, Tobias, Sutton, Adrienne, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., Viovy, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Wright, Rebecca ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2333-6247, Zaehle, Sönke and Zheng, Bo (2018) Global Carbon Budget 2018. Earth System Science Data, 10 (4). pp. 2141-2194. ISSN 1866-3516

Le Quéré, Corinne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-0452, Andrew, Robbie M., Friedlingstein, Pierre, Sitch, Stephen, Pongratz, Julia, Manning, Andrew C. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-7773, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Peters, Glen P., Canadell, Josep G., Jackson, Robert B., Boden, Thomas A., Tans, Pieter P., Andrews, Oliver D., Arora, Vivek K., Bakker, Dorothee C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5337, Barbero, Leticia, Becker, Meike, Betts, Richard A., Bopp, Laurent, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Ciais, Philippe, Cosca, Catherine E., Cross, Jessica, Currie, Kim, Gasser, Thomas, Harris, Ian, Hauck, Judith, Haverd, Vanessa, Houghton, Richard A., Hunt, Christopher W., Hurtt, George, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jain, Atul K., Kato, Etsushi, Kautz, Markus, Keeling, Ralph F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, Arne, Landschützer, Peter, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Lenton, Andrew, Lienert, Sebastian, Lima, Ivan, Lombardozzi, Danica, Metzl, Nicolas, Millero, Frank, Monteiro, Pedro M. S., Munro, David R., Nabel, Julia E. M. S., Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Nojiri, Yukihiro, Padin, X. Antonio, Peregon, Anna, Pfeil, Benjamin, Pierrot, Denis, Poulter, Benjamin, Rehder, Gregor, Reimer, Janet, Rödenbeck, Christian, Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Skjelvan, Ingunn, Stocker, Benjamin D., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tubiello, Francesco N., van der Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T., van der Werf, Guido R., van Heuven, Steven, Viovy, Nicolas, Vuichard, Nicolas, Walker, Anthony P., Watson, Andrew J., Wiltshire, Andrew J., Zaehle, Sönke and Zhu, Dan (2018) Global Carbon Budget 2017. Earth System Science Data, 10 (1). pp. 405-448. ISSN 1866-3516

Li, Zhen, Yan, Zhongwei, Cao, Lijuan and Jones, Phil D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 (2018) Further-adjusted long-term temperature series in China based on MASH. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35 (8). pp. 909-917. ISSN 0256-1530

Lim, Eun-Pa, Hendon, Harry H. and Thompson, David W. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-4376 (2018) Seasonal evolution of stratosphere-troposphere coupling in the Southern Hemisphere and implications for the predictability of surface climate. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123 (21). pp. 12002-12016. ISSN 2169-897X

Maycock, Amanda C., Randel, William J., Steiner, Andrea K., Karpechko, Alexey Yu, Christy, John, Saunders, Roger, Thompson, David W. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-4376, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, Chrysanthou, Andreas, Abraham, N. Luke, Akiyoshi, Hideharu, Archibald, Alex T., Butchart, Neal, Chipperfield, Martyn, Dameris, Martin, Deushi, Makoto, Dhomse, Sandip, Di Genova, Glauco, Joeckel, Patrick, Kinnison, Douglas E., Kirner, Oliver, Ladstaedter, Florian, Michou, Martine, Morgenstern, Olaf, O'Connor, Fiona, Oman, Luke, Pitari, Giovanni, Plummer, David A., Revell, Laura E., Rozanov, Eugene, Stenke, Andrea, Visioni, Daniele, Yamashita, Yousuke and Zeng, Guang (2018) Revisiting the mystery of recent stratospheric temperature trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (18). pp. 9919-9933. ISSN 0094-8276

McKenna, Christine M., Bracegirdle, Thomas J., Shuckburgh, Emily F., Haynes, Peter H. and Joshi, Manoj M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811 (2018) Arctic Sea ice loss in different regions leads to contrasting Northern Hemisphere impacts. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (2). 945–954. ISSN 0094-8276

Murphy, Conor, Broderick, Ciaran, Burt, Timothy P., Curley, Mary, Duffy, Catriona, Hall, Julia, Harrigan, Shaun, Matthews, Tom K.R., Macdonald, Neil, McCarthy, Gerard, McCarthy, Mark P., Mullan, Donal, Noone, Simon, Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Ryan, Ciara, Sweeney, John, Thorne, Peter W., Walsh, Seamus and Wilby, Robert L. (2018) A 305-year continuous monthly rainfall series for the Island of Ireland (1711-2016). Climate of the Past, 14 (3). pp. 413-440. ISSN 1814-9324

Nowack, Peer ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-7832, Braesicke, Peter, Haigh, Joanna, Abraham, Nathan Luke, Pyle, John and Voulgarakis, Apostolos (2018) Using machine learning to build temperature-based ozone parameterizations for climate sensitivity simulations. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (10). ISSN 1748-9318

Osborn, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Barichivich, Jonathan, Harris, Ian, Van Der Schrier, Gerard and Jones, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 (2018) Drought: Monitoring global drought using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index [in "State of the Climate 2017"]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99 (8). S36-S37. ISSN 0003-0007

Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Jones, Philip D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 and Cook, Edward R. (2018) In Memoriam: Keith R. Briffa, 1952–2017. The Holocene, 28 (10). pp. 1549-1553. ISSN 0959-6836

Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Wallace, Craig J., Lowe, Jason A. and Bernie, Dan (2018) Performance of pattern-scaled climate projections under high-end warming, part I: surface air temperature over land. Journal of Climate, 31. 5667–5680. ISSN 0894-8755

Park, Chang-Eui, Jeong, Su-Jong, Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811, Osborn, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Ho, Chang-Hoi, Piao, Shilong, Chen, Deliang, Liu, Junguo, Yang, Hong, Park, Hoonyoung, Kim, Baek-Min and Feng, Song (2018) Keeping global warming within 1.5°C constrains emergence of aridification. Nature Climate Change, 8. 70–74. ISSN 1758-678X

Rai, Praveen, Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811, Dimri, Ashok P. and Turner, Andrew G. (2018) The role of potential vorticity anomalies in the Somali Jet on Indian Summer Monsoon intraseasonal variability. Climate Dynamics, 50 (11-12). 4149–4169. ISSN 0930-7575

Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Kent, Elizabeth C., Matthews, Adrian J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-1168, Webber, Benjamin G. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-5929, Peatman, Simon C. and Vinayachandran, P. N. (2018) Intraseasonal variability of air-sea fluxes over the Bay of Bengal during the Southwest Monsoon. Journal of Climate, 31. 7087–7109. ISSN 0894-8755

Serra, Yolande L., Haase, Jennifer S., Adams, David K., Fu, Qiang, Ackerman, Thomas P., Alexander, M. Joan, Arellano, Avelino, Back, Larissa, Chen, Shu-Hua, Emanuel, Kerry, Fuchs, Zeljka, Kuang, Zhiming, Lintner, Benjamin R., Mapes, Brian, Neelin, David, Raymond, David, Sobel, Adam H., Staten, Paul W., Subramanian, Aneesh, Thompson, David W. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-4376, Vecchi, Gabriel, Wood, Robert and Zuidema, Paquita (2018) The risks of contracting the acquisition and processing of the nation's weather and climate data to the private sector. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99 (5). 869–870. ISSN 0003-0007

Thomas, Zoë, Turney, Chris, Allan, Rob, Colwell, Steve, Kelly, Gail, Lister, David, Jones, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Beswick, Mark, Alexander, Lisa, Lippmann, Tanya, Herold, Nicholas and Jones, Richard (2018) A new daily observational record from Grytviken, South Georgia: exploring 20th century extremes in the South Atlantic. Journal of Climate, 31 (5). 1743–1755. ISSN 0894-8755

Thomas, Zoë A., Jones, Richard T., Fogwill, Chris J., Hatton, Jackie, Williams, Alan N., Hogg, Alan, Mooney, Scott, Jones, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Lister, David, Mayewski, Paul and Turney, Chris S. M. (2018) Evidence for increased expression of the Amundsen Sea Low over the South Atlantic during the late Holocene. Climate of the Past, 14 (11). pp. 1727-1738. ISSN 1814-9324

Thorne, P. W., Diamond, H. J., Goodison, B., Harrigan, S., Hausfather, Z., Ingleby, N. B., Jones, P. D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Lawrimore, J. H., Lister, D. H., Merlone, A., Oakley, T., Palecki, M., Peterson, T. C., de Podesta, M., Tassone, C., Venema, V. and Willett, K. M. (2018) Towards a global land surface climate fiducial reference measurements network. International Journal of Climatology, 38 (6). pp. 2760-2774. ISSN 0899-8418

Troccoli, Alberto, Goodess, Clare ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7462-4479, Jones, Phil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Penny, Lesley, Dorling, Steve, Harpham, Colin, Dubus, Laurent, Parey, Sylvie, Claudel, Sandra, Khong, Duc-Huy, Bett, Philip E., Thornton, Hazel, Ranchin, Thierry, Wald, Lucien, Saint-Drenan, Yves-Marie, De Felice, Matteo, Brayshaw, David, Suckling, Emma, Percy, Barbara and Blower, Jon (2018) Creating a proof-of-concept climate service to assess future renewable energy mixes in Europe: An overview of the C3S ECEM project. Advances in Science and Research, 15. pp. 191-205. ISSN 1992-0628

Tu, Chenglong, Liu, Congqiang, Quine, Timothy A., Jones, Matthew William ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7980, Liu, Taoze, Li, Longbo and Liu, Wenjing (2018) Dynamics of soil organic carbon following land-use change: insights from stable C-isotope analysis in black soil of Northeast China. Acta Geochimica, 37 (5). pp. 746-757. ISSN 2365-7499

Umakanth, U. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4872-967X and Kesarkar, Amit P. (2018) Performance evaluation of regional climate model to simulate sub-seasonal variability of Indian Summer Monsoon. Climate Dynamics, 50 (9-10). pp. 3595-3612. ISSN 0930-7575

Vinayachandran, P. N., Matthews, Adrian J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-1168, Vijay Kumar, K., Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Thushara, V., George, Jenson, Vijith, V., Webber, Benjamin G. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-5929, Queste, Bastien Y., Roy, Rajdeep, Sarkar, Amit, Baranowski, Dariusz B., Bhat, G. S., Klingaman, Nicholas P., Peatman, Simon C., Parida, C., Heywood, Karen J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-0026, Hall, Robert ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3665-6322, King, Brian, Kent, Elizabeth C., Nayak, Anoop A., Neema, C. P., Amol, P., Lotliker, A., Kankonkar, A., Gracias, D. G., Vernekar, S., Souza, A. C. D., Valluvan, G., Pargaonkar, Shrikant M., Dinesh, K., Giddings, Jack and Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811 (2018) BoBBLE (Bay of Bengal Boundary Layer Experiment): Ocean-atmosphere interaction and its impact on the South Asian monsoon. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99 (8). 1569–1587. ISSN 0003-0007

Wallace, Craig and Joshi, Manoj ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2948-2811 (2018) Comparison of land-ocean warming ratios in updated observed records and CMIP5 climate models. Environmental Research Letters, 13 (11). ISSN 1748-9326

Wang, Jianglin, Yang, Bao, Osborn, Timothy J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799, Ljungqvist, Fredrik Charpentier, Zhang, Huan and Luterbacher, Jürg (2018) Causes of East Asian temperature multidecadal variability since 850 CE. Geophysical Research Letters, 45 (24). pp. 13485-13494. ISSN 0094-8276

Wang, Jinfeng, Xu, Chengdong, Hu, Maogui, Li, Qingxiang, Yan, Zhongwei and Jones, Phil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 (2018) Global land surface air temperature dynamics since 1880. International Journal of Climatology, 38 (S1). e466-e474. ISSN 0899-8418

Warren, R. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0122-1599, Price, J., Graham, E., Forstenhaeusler, N. and Vanderwal, J. (2018) The projected effect on insects, vertebrates, and plants of limiting global warming to 1.5°C rather than 2°C. Science, 360 (6390). pp. 791-795. ISSN 0036-8075

Webber, Benjamin G. M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8812-5929, Matthews, Adrian J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0492-1168, Vinayachandran, P. N., Neema, C. P., Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra, Vijith, V., Amol, P. and Baranowski, Dariusz B. (2018) The dynamics of the Southwest Monsoon Current in 2016 from high-resolution in situ observations and models. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 48 (10). pp. 2259-2282. ISSN 0022-3670

Wills, Samantha M. and Thompson, David W. J. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-4376 (2018) On the observed relationships between wintertime variability in Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension sea surface temperatures and the atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific. Journal of Climate, 31 (12). 4669–4681. ISSN 0894-8755

Xu, Wenhui, Li, Qingxiang, Jones, Phil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Wang, Xiaolan L., Trewin, Blair, Yang, Su, Zhu, Chen, Zhai, Panmao, Wang, Jinfeng, Vincent, Lucie, Dai, Aiguo, Gao, Yun and Ding, Yihui (2018) A new integrated and homogenized global monthly land surface air temperature dataset for the period since 1900. Climate Dynamics, 50 (7-8). 2513–2536. ISSN 0930-7575

Book Section

Jones, Philip ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493 and Osborn, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799 (2018) Climate Record: Surface Temperature Trends. In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier.

Santer, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Haimberger, L., Taylor, K. E., Wigley, T. M. L., Lanzante, J. R., Solomon, S., Free, M., Gleckler, P. J., Jones, P. D. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Karl, T. R., Klein, S. A., Mears, C., Nychka, D., Schmidt, G. A., Sherwood, S. C. and Wentz, F. J. (2018) Consistency of Modeled and Observed Temperature Trends in the Tropical Troposphere. In: Climate Modelling. Springer, pp. 85-136. ISBN 978-3-319-65057-9

Santer, Ben, Thorne, Peter, Haimberger, Leo, Taylor, Karl, Wigley, Tom, Lanzante, John, Solomon, Susan, Free, Melissa, Gleckler, Peter, Jones, Phil ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5032-5493, Karl, Tom, Klein, Steve, Mears, Carl, Nychka, Doug, Schmidt, Gavin, Sherwood, Steve and Wentz, Frank (2018) Fact Sheet for “Consistency of Modeled and Observed Temperature Trends in the Tropical Troposphere”. In: Climate Modelling. Springer, pp. 73-84. ISBN 978-3-319-65057-9

Other

Hughes, Malcolm K., Cook, Edward R., Osborn, Timothy ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-6799 and Melvin, Thomas (2018) In Memoriam: Keith R. Briffa, 1952-2017. Tree-Ring Research.