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Rigby, Hannah, Dowding, Alan, Fernandes, Alwyn, Humphries, David, Jones, Natalia R. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-2985, Lake, Iain ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4407-5357, Petch, Rupert G., Reynolds, Christopher K., Rose, Martin and Smith, Stephen R.
(2021)
Concentrations of organic contaminants in industrial and municipal bioresources recycled in agriculture in the UK.
Science of the Total Environment, 765.
ISSN 0048-9697
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Abstract
Many types of bioresource materials are beneficially recycled in agriculture for soil improvement and as alternative bedding materials for livestock, but they also potentially transfer contaminants into plant and animal foods. Representative types of industrial and municipal bioresources were selected to assess the extent of organic chemical contamination, including: (i) land applied materials: treated sewage sludge (biosolids), meat and bone meal ash (MBMA), poultry litter ash (PLA), paper sludge ash (PSA) and compost-like-output (CLO), and (ii) bedding materials: recycled waste wood (RWW), dried paper sludge (DPS), paper sludge ash (PSA) and shredded cardboard. The materials generally contained lower concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relative to earlier reports, indicating the decline in environmental emissions of these established contaminants. However, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain elevated in biosolids samples from urban catchments. Polybrominated dibenzo-p dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were present in larger amounts in biosolids and CLO compared to their chlorinated counterparts and hence are of potentially greater significance in contemporary materials. The presence of non ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in DPS was probably due to non-legacy sources of PCBs in paper production. Flame retardent chemicals were one of the most significant and extensive groups of contaminants found in the bioresource materials. Decabromodiphenylether (deca-BDE) was the most abundant polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and may explain the formation and high concentrations of PBDD/Fs detected. Emerging flame retardant compounds, including: decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), were also detected in several of the materials. The profile of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) depended on the type of waste category; perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) was the most significant PFAS for DPS, whereas perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was dominant in biosolids and CLO. The concentrations of polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were generally much larger than the other contaminants measured, indicating that there are major anthropogenic sources of these potentially hazardous chemicals entering the environment. The study results suggest that continued vigilance is required to control emissions and sources of these contaminants to support the beneficial use of secondary bioresource materials.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | ash,biosolids,compost-like-output,flame retardents,livestock bedding,persistent organic pollutants,waste,environmental engineering,environmental chemistry,waste management and disposal,pollution,sdg 11 - sustainable cities and communities,sdg 12 - responsible consumption and production ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2300/2305 |
| Faculty \ School: | Faculty of Science > School of Environmental Sciences University of East Anglia Research Groups/Centres > Theme - ClimateUEA |
| UEA Research Groups: | University of East Anglia Schools > Faculty of Science > Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Faculty of Science > Research Centres > Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Environmental Social Sciences |
| Related URLs: | |
| Depositing User: | LivePure Connector |
| Date Deposited: | 13 Oct 2020 23:58 |
| Last Modified: | 20 Mar 2023 14:49 |
| URI: | https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/77242 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142787 |
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