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Hossaini, Ryan, Sherry, David, Wang, Zihao, Chipperfield, Martyn P., Feng, Wuhu, Oram, David E., Adcock, Karina E. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-5399, Montzka, Stephen A., Simpson, Isobel J., Mazzeo, Andrea, Leeson, Amber A., Atlas, Elliot and Chou, Charles C.-K.
(2024)
On the atmospheric budget of 1,2-dichloroethane and its impact on stratospheric chlorine and ozone (2002-2020).
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24 (23).
pp. 13457-13475.
ISSN 1680-7316
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Abstract
The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), or ethylene dichloride, is an industrial very short-lived substance (VSLS) whose major use is as a feedstock in the production chain of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Like other chlorinated VSLSs, transport of DCE (and/or its atmospheric oxidation products) to the stratosphere could contribute to ozone depletion there. However, despite annual production volumes greatly exceeding those of more prominent VSLSs (e.g. dichloromethane), global DCE observations are sparse; thus, the magnitude and distribution of DCE emissions and trends in its atmospheric abundance are poorly known. In this study, we performed an exploratory analysis of the global DCE budget between 2002 and 2020. Combining bottom-up data on annual production and assumptions around fugitive losses during production and feedstock use, we assessed the DCE source strength required to reproduce atmospheric DCE observations. We show that the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) reproduces DCE measurements from various aircraft missions well, including HIPPO (2009-2011), ATom (2016-2018), and KORUS-AQ (2016), along with surface measurements from Southeast Asia, when assuming a regionally varying production emission factor in the range of 0.5 %-1.5 %. Our findings imply substantial fugitive losses of DCE and/or substantial emissive applications (e.g. solvent use) that are poorly reported. We estimate that DCE's global source increased by g1/4 45 % between 2002 (349 ± 61 Ggyr-1) and 2020 (505 ± 90 Ggyr-1), with its contribution to stratospheric chlorine increasing from 8.2 (± 1.5) to g1/4 12.9 (± 2.4) pptCl (where ppt denotes parts per trillion) over this period. DCE's relatively short overall tropospheric lifetime (g1/4 83 d) limits, although does not preclude, its transport to the stratosphere, and we show that its impact on ozone is small at present. Annually averaged, DCE is estimated to have decreased ozone in the lower stratosphere by up to several parts per billion (< 1 %) in 2020, although a larger effect in the springtime Southern Hemisphere polar lower stratosphere is apparent (decreases of up to g1/4 1.3 %). Given strong potential for growth in DCE production tied to demand for PVC, ongoing measurements would be of benefit to monitor potential future increases in its atmospheric abundance and its contribution to ozone depletion.
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| Additional Information: | Funding Information: Ryan Hossaini, Martyn P. Chipperfield, and Wuhu Feng were supported by the NERC projects LSO3 (grant no. NE/V011863/1) and InHALE (grant no. NE/X003582/1). The University of East Anglia would like to thank Lauren Gooch and Debbie Sanchez for past assistance with sample analysis and Ahmad Amin Abdullah for sample collection at the Bachok Marine Research Station. The long-term sampling programmes in Taiwan and Malaysia were established through the NERC International Opportunities Fund (grant nos. NE/J016012/1 and NE/N006836/1) and subsequently supported through the NERC SISLAC (grant no. NE/R001782/1) and LSO3 (grant no. NE/V011863/1) projects. Karina E. Adcock was funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (grant no. NE/L002582/1). Stephen A. Montzka acknowledges the assistance of those facilitating measurements and calibration scales at NOAA, including Bradley Hall, Fred Moore, Kathryn McKain, and Carolina Siso. Elliot Atlas acknowledges technical assistance from Xiarong Zhu and Leslie Pope and financial support from NASA (grant no. 80NSSC22K1284) and NSF AGS (grant nos. 0959853 and 1853948). Funding Information: Ryan Hossaini, Martyn P. Chipperfield, and Wuhu Feng were supported by the NERC projects LSO3 (grant no. NE/V011863/1) and InHALE (grant no. NE/X003582/1). The University of East Anglia would like to thank Lauren Gooch and Debbie Sanchez for past assistance with sample analysis and Ahmad Amin Abdullah for sample collection at the Bachok Marine Research Station. The long-Term sampling programmes in Taiwan and Malaysia were established through the NERC International Opportunities Fund (grant nos. NE/J016012/1 and NE/N006836/1) and subsequently supported through the NERC SISLAC (grant no. NE/R001782/1) and LSO3 (grant no. NE/V011863/1) projects. Karina E. Adcock was funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council through the EnvEast Doctoral Training Partnership (grant no. NE/L002582/1). Stephen A. Montzka acknowledges the assistance of those facilitating measurements and calibration scales at NOAA, including Bradley Hall, Fred Moore, Kathryn McKain, and Carolina Siso. Elliot Atlas acknowledges technical assistance from Xiarong Zhu and Leslie Pope and financial support from NASA (grant no. 80NSSC22K1284) and NSF AGS (grant nos. 0959853 and 1853948). This research has been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant nos. NE/V011863/1, NE/X003582/1, NE/J016012/1, NE/N006836/1, NE/R001782/1, and NE/L002582/1), NASA (grant no. 80NSSC22K1284), and NSF AGS (grant nos. 0959853 and 1853948). Funding Information: This research has been supported by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant nos. NE/V011863/1, NE/X003582/1, NE/J016012/1, NE/N006836/1, NE/R001782/1, and NE/L002582/1), NASA (grant no. 80NSSC22K1284), and NSF AGS (grant nos. 0959853 and 1853948). Publisher Copyright: © 2024 Ryan Hossaini et al. |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | atmospheric science ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900/1902 |
| Faculty \ School: | Faculty of Science > School of Environmental Sciences |
| UEA Research Groups: | Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences |
| Related URLs: | |
| Depositing User: | LivePure Connector |
| Date Deposited: | 21 Dec 2024 01:11 |
| Last Modified: | 21 Dec 2024 01:12 |
| URI: | https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/98058 |
| DOI: | 10.5194/acp-24-13457-2024 |
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