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Tichkule, Swapnil, Cacciò, Simone M., Robinson, Guy, Chalmers, Rachel M., Mueller, Ivo, Emery-Corbin, Samantha J., Eibach, Daniel, Tyler, Kevin M. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0647-8158, van Oosterhout, Cock ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5653-738X and Jex, Aaron R.
(2022)
Global population genomics of two subspecies of Cryptosporidium hominis during 500 years of evolution.
Molecular Biology and Evolution, 39 (4).
ISSN 0737-4038
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Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a major global health problem and a primary cause of diarrhoea, particularly in young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and anthroponotic C. hominis cause most human infections. Here, we present a comprehensive whole-genome study of C. hominis, comprising 114 isolates from 16 countries within five continents. We detect two lineages with distinct biology and demography, which diverged circa 500 years ago. We consider these lineages two subspecies and propose the names C. hominis hominis and C. hominis aquapotentis (gp60 subtype IbA10G2). In our study, C. h. hominis is almost exclusively represented by isolates from LMICs in Africa and Asia and appears to have undergone recent population contraction. In contrast, C. h. aquapotentis was found in high-income countries, mainly in Europe, North America and Oceania, and appears to be expanding. Notably, C. h. aquapotentis is associated with high rates of direct human-to-human transmission, which may explain its success in countries with well-developed environmental sanitation infrastructure. Intriguingly, we detected genomic regions of introgression following secondary contact between the subspecies. This resulted in high diversity and divergence in genomic islands of putative virulence genes (GIPVs), including muc5 (CHUDEA2_430) and a hypothetical protein (CHUDEA6_5270). This diversity is maintained by balancing selection, suggesting a coevolutionary arms race with the host. Lastly, we find that recent gene flow from C. h. aquapotentis to C. h. hominis, likely associated with increased human migration, may be driving evolution of more virulent C. hominis variants.
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Data Availability: The raw data generated in this study have been submitted to the NCBI BioProject database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/) under accession numbers: PRJEB15112, PRJNA610731, PRJNA610732, PRJNA610735, PRJNA610737, PRJNA610738, PRJNA610739, PRJNA610740, PRJNA610741, PRJNA610742, PRJNA610743, PRJNA610744, PRJNA610745, PRJNA610746, PRJNA610747, and PRJNA610748. |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | comparative genomics,cryptosporidium hominis,evolution,gene flow,population genetics,population structure,recombination,secondary contact,speciation,whole genome sequencing,genetics,ecology, evolution, behavior and systematics,molecular biology,sdg 3 - good health and well-being ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1300/1311 |
| Faculty \ School: | Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Norwich Medical School Faculty of Science > School of Environmental Sciences |
| UEA Research Groups: | Faculty of Science > Research Centres > Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Centres > Metabolic Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Groups > Pathogen Biology Group |
| Related URLs: | |
| Depositing User: | LivePure Connector |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Mar 2022 16:30 |
| Last Modified: | 18 Nov 2024 00:51 |
| URI: | https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/83960 |
| DOI: | 10.1101/2021.09.09.459610 |
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