Edmunds, Kelly, Abd Elrahman, Samira, Bell, Diana, Brainard, Julii, Dervisevic, Samir, P Fedha, Tsimbiri, Few, Roger, Howard, Guy, Lake, Iain, Maes, Peter, Matofari, Joseph, Minnigh, Harvey, Mohamedani, Ahmed A., Montgomery, Maggie, Morter, Sarah, Muchiri, Edward, Mudau, Lutendo S, Mutua, Benedict M, Ndambuki, Julius M, Pond, Katherine, Sobsey, Mark D, Van der Es, Mike, Zeitoun, Mark and Hunter, Paul (2016) Recommendations for dealing with waste contaminated with Ebola virus: a Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points approach. Bulletin WHO, 94 (6). pp. 424-432.

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Abstract

Objective To assess, within communities experiencing Ebola virus outbreaks, the risks associated with the disposal of human waste and to generate recommendations for mitigating such risks. Methods A team with expertise in the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points framework identified waste products from the care of individuals with Ebola virus disease and constructed, tested and confirmed flow diagrams showing the creation of such products. After listing potential hazards associated with each step in each flow diagram, the team conducted a hazard analysis, determined critical control points and made recommendations to mitigate the transmission risks at each control point. Findings The collection, transportation, cleaning and shared use of blood-soiled fomites and the shared use of latrines contaminated with blood or bloodied faeces appeared to be associated with particularly high levels of risk of Ebola virus transmission. More moderate levels of risk were associated with the collection and transportation of material contaminated with bodily fluids other than blood, shared use of latrines soiled with such fluids, the cleaning and shared use of fomites soiled with such fluids, and the contamination of the environment during the collection and transportation of blood-contaminated waste. Conclusion The risk of the waste-related transmission of Ebola virus could be reduced by the use of full personal protective equipment, appropriate hand hygiene and an appropriate disinfectant after careful cleaning. Use of the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points framework could facilitate rapid responses to outbreaks of emerging infectious disease.

Item Type:	Article
Additional Information:	© 2016. The Authors; licensee the World Health Organization. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.
Uncontrolled Keywords:	ebola,rapid response,filovirus,excreta,ebov,haccp
Faculty \ School:	Faculty of Science > School of Biological Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Norwich Medical School Faculty of Social Sciences > School of International Development Faculty of Science > School of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science > Tyndall Centre for Climatic Change
Related URLs:	http://www.who.int/bulletin/online_first...
Depositing User:	Pure Connector
Date Deposited:	22 Mar 2016 09:21
Last Modified:	23 Oct 2020 23:54
URI:	https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/57729
DOI:	10.2471/BLT.15.163931

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