Direct costs of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients receiving treatment in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Umar, Nisser, Abubakar, I, Fordham, Richard ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-6255 and Bachmann, Max ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-3506 (2012) Direct costs of pulmonary tuberculosis among patients receiving treatment in Bauchi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 16 (6). pp. 835-40. ISSN 1027-3719

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: To access tuberculosis (TB) services, patients have to bear the costs of out-of-pocket expenditures or direct costs for transport, drugs and other services that are not provided free-of-charge. These costs could represent a barrier to care, especially in a country such as Nigeria, where per capita gross national income is only US$1160 and 46% of the urban population live below the poverty line. OBJECTIVE: To describe the direct costs of TB diagnosis and treatment in Bauchi State, Nigeria, from the patient's perspective. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. A sample size of 255 patients was randomly selected from 27 of 67 facilities in Bauchi State, Nigeria. RESULTS: The median out-of-pocket cost for hospitalised patients was estimated at US$166.11, while ambulatory patients paid an estimated median cost of US$94.16, equivalent to about 9-38% of their average annual income. Female patients spent a higher proportion of their income on diagnosis and treatment than males (P < 0.0001). The median out-of-pocket costs borne by patients before, during and after diagnosis were estimated at respectively US$35.23, US$27.12 and US$23.43 for ambulatory patients, and additional average out-of-pocket spending of US$66.44 for patients hospitalised during their illness. Pre-diagnosis, diagnosis and post-diagnosis out-of-pocket spending did not vary significantly by human immunodeficiency virus status (P > 0.05) and sex (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The costs of anti-tuberculosis treatment found in this study are expensive and potentially catastrophic for many patients and their families.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	young adult,nigeria,financing, personal,health expenditures,humans,chi-square distribution,aged,child,health services accessibility,models, economic,income,ambulatory care,health care costs,drug costs,cross-sectional studies,tuberculosis, pulmonary,adult,treatment outcome,middle aged,hospital costs,antitubercular agents,adolescent,male,female,sdg 3 - good health and well-being ,/dk/atira/pure/sustainabledevelopmentgoals/good_health_and_well_being
Faculty \ School:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Norwich Medical School
UEA Research Groups:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Groups > Health Services and Primary Care Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Groups > Health Economics Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Groups > Public Health and Health Services Research (former - to 2023) Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Norwich Epidemiology Centre Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Groups > Norwich Epidemiology Centre Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Centres > Population Health
Depositing User:	Pure Connector
Date Deposited:	26 Jun 2013 11:10
Last Modified:	19 Oct 2023 01:08
URI:	https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/42508
DOI:	10.5588/ijtld.10.0774

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