Gestational diabetes mellitus changes the metabolomes of human colostrum, transition milk and mature milk

Wen, Li, Wu, Yue, Yang, Yang, Han, Ting Li, Wang, Wenling, Fu, Huijia, Zheng, Yangxi, Shan, Tengfei, Chen, Jianjun, Xu, Ping, Jin, Huili, Lin, Li, Liu, Xiyao, Qi, Hongbo, Tong, Chao and Baker, Philip (2019) Gestational diabetes mellitus changes the metabolomes of human colostrum, transition milk and mature milk. Medical Science Monitor, 25. pp. 6128-6152. ISSN 1234-1010

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Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication that is diagnosed by the novel onset of abnormal glucose intolerance. Our study aimed to investigate the changes in human breast milk metabolome over the first month of lactation and how GDM affects milk metabolome.  Material/Methods: Colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk samples from women with normal uncomplicated pregnancies (n=94) and women with GDM-complicated pregnancies (n=90) were subjected to metabolomic profiling by the use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).  Results: For the uncomplicated pregnancies, there were 59 metabolites that significantly differed among colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk samples, while 58 metabolites differed in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk samples from the GDM pregnancies. There were 28 metabolites that were found to be significantly different between women with normal pregnancies and women with GDM pregnancies among colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk samples.  Conclusions: The metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first months of lactation. High levels of amino acids in colostrum and high levels of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in mature milk, which may be critical for neonatal development in the first month of life, were features of both normal and GDM pregnancies.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	diabetes,gestational,milk, human,metabolome,medicine(all),sdg 3 - good health and well-being ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2700
Faculty \ School:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Norwich Medical School
UEA Research Groups:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > Research Centres > Metabolic Health
Related URLs:	http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?...
Depositing User:	LivePure Connector
Date Deposited:	22 Jan 2026 16:30
Last Modified:	26 Jan 2026 01:07
URI:	https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/101680
DOI:	10.12659/MSM.915827

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