Tracking the trajectory of executive function from 2.5 to 6.5 years of age and the impact of COVID‐19

Johns, Ellie, Forbes, Samuel, Delgado Reyes, Lourdes M., Buck, Charlotte and Spencer, John P. (2026) Tracking the trajectory of executive function from 2.5 to 6.5 years of age and the impact of COVID‐19. Child Development. ISSN 0009-3920 (In Press)

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Abstract

Given the significance of executive function (EF) for longer-term outcomes, it is important to understand the trajectory of EF in childhood and how COVID-19 influenced this trajectory. 139 (71 girls) children were examined longitudinally from 2.5 to 6.5 years using the Minnesota Executive Function Scale. Individual differences in EF abilities were stable longitudinally, and children with a more highly educated mother had higher EF scores. Children tested 1-3 years after the first lockdown showed greater variation in individual differences over time. Additional analyses examined linear growth curves for children assessed 3-4 times from 2.5 to 6.5 years. Children who were in preschool during the first lockdown had steeper growth curve trajectories than children in the first year of primary school.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	executive function,covid-19,cognition,developmental trajectories,3* ,/dk/atira/pure/researchoutput/REFrank/3_
Faculty \ School:	Faculty of Social Sciences > School of Psychology
UEA Research Groups:	Faculty of Social Sciences > Research Groups > Developmental Science
Depositing User:	LivePure Connector
Date Deposited:	06 Jan 2026 13:30
Last Modified:	06 Jan 2026 13:30
URI:	https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/101533
DOI:	issn:0009-3920

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