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Friedlingstein, Pierre, O'Sullivan, Michael, Jones, Matthew W. 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-7980, Andrew, Robbie M., Bakker, Dorothee C. E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9234-5337, Hauck, Judith, Landschützer, Peter, Le Quéré, Corinne ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2319-0452, Luijkx, Ingrid T., Peters, Glen P., Peters, Wouter, Pongratz, Julia, Schwingshackl, Clemens, Sitch, Stephen, Canadell, Josep G., Ciais, Philippe, Jackson, Robert B., Alin, Simone R., Anthoni, Peter, Barbero, Leticia, Bates, Nicholas R., Becker, Meike, Bellouin, Nicolas, Decharme, Bertrand, Bopp, Laurent, Brasika, Ida Bagus Mandhara, Cadule, Patricia, Chamberlain, Matthew A., Chandra, Naveen, Chau, Thi-Tuyet-Trang, Chevallier, Frédéric, Chini, Louise P., Cronin, Margot, Dou, Xinyu, Enyo, Kazutaka, Evans, Wiley, Falk, Stefanie, Feely, Richard A., Feng, Liang, Ford, Daniel J., Gasser, Thomas, Ghattas, Josefine, Gkritzalis, Thanos, Grassi, Giacomo, Gregor, Luke, Gruber, Nicolas, Gürses, Özgür, Harris, Ian, Hefner, Matthew, Heinke, Jens, Houghton, Richard A., Hurtt, George C., Iida, Yosuke, Ilyina, Tatiana, Jacobson, Andrew R., Jain, Atul, Jarníková, Tereza, Jersild, Annika, Jiang, Fei, Jin, Zhe, Joos, Fortunat, Kato, Etsushi, Keeling, Ralph F., Kennedy, Daniel, Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Knauer, Jürgen, Korsbakken, Jan Ivar, Körtzinger, Arne, Lan, Xin, Lefèvre, Nathalie, Li, Hongmei, Liu, Junjie, Liu, Zhiqiang, Ma, Lei, Marland, Greg, Mayot, Nicolas ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-5939, Mcguire, Patrick C., McKinley, Galen A., Meyer, Gesa, Morgan, Eric J., Munro, David R., Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro, Niwa, Yosuke, O'Brien, Kevin M., Olsen, Are, Omar, Abdirahman M., Ono, Tsuneo, Paulsen, Melf, Pierrot, Denis, Pocock, Katie, Poulter, Benjamin, Powis, Carter M., Rehder, Gregor, Resplandy, Laure, Robertson, Eddy, Rödenbeck, Christian, Rosan, Thais M., Schwinger, Jörg, Séférian, Roland, Smallman, T. Luke, Smith, Stephen M., Sospedra-Alfonso, Reinel, Sun, Qing, Sutton, Adrienne J., Sweeney, Colm, Takao, Shintaro, Tans, Pieter P., Tian, Hanqin, Tilbrook, Bronte, Tsujino, Hiroyuki, Tubiello, Francesco, van der Werf, Guido R., Van Ooijen, Erik, Wanninkhof, Rik, Watanabe, Michio, Wimart-Rousseau, Cathy, Yang, Dongxu, Yang, Xiaojuan, Yuan, Wenping, Yue, Xu, Zaehle, Sönke, Zeng, Jiye and Zheng, Bo
(2023)
Global Carbon Budget 2023.
Earth System Science Data, 15 (12).
pp. 5301-5369.
ISSN 1866-3508
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Abstract
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO 2 emissions (E FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO 2 sink (S OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO 2 products. The terrestrial CO 2 sink (S LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2022, E FOS increased by 0.9 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9 ± 0.5 Gt C yr −1 (10.2 ± 0.5 Gt C yr −1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and E LUC was 1.2 ± 0.7 Gt C yr −1, for a total anthropogenic CO 2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1 ± 0.8 Gt C yr −1 (40.7±3.2 Gt CO 2 yr −1). Also, for 2022, G ATM was 4.6±0.2 Gt C yr −1 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr −1; ppm denotes parts per million), S OCEAN was 2.8±0.4 Gt C yr −1, and S LAND was 3.8±0.8 Gt C yr −1, with a B IM of −0.1 Gt C yr −1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in E FOS relative to 2022 of +1.1 % (0.0 % to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric CO 2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 Gt C yr −1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO 2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO 2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living-data update documents changes in methods and data sets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).
| Item Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | earth and planetary sciences(all),sdg 15 - life on land,sdg 13 - climate action ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/1900 |
| Faculty \ School: | University of East Anglia Research Groups/Centres > Theme - ClimateUEA Faculty of Science > School of Environmental Sciences |
| UEA Research Groups: | Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Climatic Research Unit University of East Anglia Schools > Faculty of Science > Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Faculty of Science > Research Centres > Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences |
| Related URLs: | |
| Depositing User: | LivePure Connector |
| Date Deposited: | 09 Dec 2023 01:38 |
| Last Modified: | 27 Mar 2024 13:30 |
| URI: | https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/93920 |
| DOI: | 10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023 |
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