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Staddon, Chad, Everard, M., Mytton, Julie, Octavianti, T., Powell, W., Quinn, N., Uddin, S. M. N., Young, S. L., Miller, J. D., Budds, J., Geere, Jo-Anne 
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9071-2778, Meehan, Katie, Charles, K., Stevenson, E. V. J., Vonk, J. and Mizniak, J.
(2020)
Water insecurity compounds the global coronavirus crisis.
Water International, 45 (5).
pp. 416-422.
ISSN 0250-8060
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Abstract
In recent weeks, people all over the world have been settling into a ‘new normal’ of restricted mobility, online working, social distancing and enhanced hand hygiene. As part of the global fight against the spread of COVID-19 (the illness caused by SARS-CoV-2), we are repeatedly reminded by public health authorities that frequent and thorough hand-washing with soap and water is one of the best ways of limiting transmission. The rationale behind this is clear: washing regularly and thoroughly physically degrades and removes viral particles from hands, and therefore lowers the likelihood of infection transmission. Many health agencies are recommending washing hands for a minimum of 20 seconds up to 8–10 times per day. If washed in running water, the average hand basin tap uses 2–3 litres per minute, which implies a total water requirement of 8–10 litres of clean water per person per day, as well as appropriate soap and drying facilities (i.e. not a reused and possibly contaminated towel or rag).
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