Multifunctional ultra-low voltage sweat-activated battery using piezo-ionic hydrogel

Beg, Mustehsan, Sam, Vishnu, Kanathedath, Jithin, Rani Markapudi, Prasutha, Alcock, Keith M. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-9141, Goh, Keng, Yu, Hongnian and Manjakkal, Libu (2026) Multifunctional ultra-low voltage sweat-activated battery using piezo-ionic hydrogel. Nano Energy, 149. ISSN 2211-2855

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Abstract

Optimising ultra-low voltage with high capacity in batteries presents a challenge for emerging applications, such as wearable technology. In this study, we developed a multifunctional ultra-low voltage, sweat-activated fabric battery (SFB) using a biomaterial-based piezo-ionic hydrogel from water hyacinth carboxymethyl cellulose, mitigating risks of high-power and toxic materials near human skin. The SFB's multi-layer active material enhances conductivity and reduces resistance, enabling a 1 cm² device to discharge for 10 + h below 0.4 V, with an areal capacity of 4.1 mAh cm⁻² at 400 μA cm⁻². Furthermore, SFB with piezo-ionic hydrogel, when affixed to the elbow, generates a peak current of 115 nA cm⁻² as the elbow is fully flexed. Consequently, SFB can be utilised for energy storage, along with force and bending sensing. This study opens new avenues in advancing research on ultra-low voltage batteries for wearable and biomedical devices.

Item Type: Article
Additional Information: Data Availability: Data will be made available on request.
Uncontrolled Keywords: energy generator,fabric battery,piezo-ionic hydrogel,sweat,wearable energy storage,renewable energy, sustainability and the environment,general materials science,electrical and electronic engineering ,/dk/atira/pure/subjectarea/asjc/2100/2105
Faculty \ School: Faculty of Science > School of Engineering, Mathematics and Physics
UEA Research Groups: Faculty of Science > Research Groups > Sustainable Energy
Related URLs:
Depositing User: LivePure Connector
Date Deposited: 26 Jun 2026 15:01
Last Modified: 28 Jun 2026 05:37
URI: https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/103515
DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.129552

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