%PDF-1.6
%
1 0 obj
<>
endobj
2 0 obj
<>stream
Frédéric Dierick, Anne-Laure Nivard, Olivier White, Fabien Buisseret
Fractal analyses reveal independent complexity and predictability of gait
www.plosone.org
www.plosone.org
endstream
endobj
3 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Annots 11 0 R/Contents 12 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
11 0 obj
[13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R]
endobj
13 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref002)>>
endobj
14 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref001)>>
endobj
15 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref003)>>
endobj
16 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref001)>>
endobj
17 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref003)>>
endobj
18 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref004)>>
endobj
19 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref005)>>
endobj
20 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref006)>>
endobj
21 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref001)>>
endobj
22 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref003)>>
endobj
23 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref007)>>
endobj
24 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref008)>>
endobj
25 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref009)>>
endobj
26 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref003)>>
endobj
27 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref010)>>
endobj
28 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref011)>>
endobj
29 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref012)>>
endobj
30 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref013)>>
endobj
31 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref012)>>
endobj
32 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref010)>>
endobj
33 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref014)>>
endobj
34 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 35 0 R>>
endobj
35 0 obj
<>
endobj
12 0 obj
[36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R]
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
331.1433 654.3496 m
335.8488 654.3496 l
h
f*
412.3843 628.3276 m
417.1465 628.3276 l
h
f*
421.5118 628.3276 m
426.274 628.3276 l
h
f*
450.8787 615.3449 m
455.6409 615.3449 l
h
f*
460.1197 615.3449 m
464.8252 615.3449 l
h
f*
326.0976 602.3055 m
330.8598 602.3055 l
h
f*
497.4803 602.3055 m
502.2425 602.3055 l
h
f*
506.7213 602.3055 m
511.4268 602.3055 l
h
f*
224.0504 537.3354 m
228.8126 537.3354 l
h
f*
233.2913 537.3354 m
238.0535 537.3354 l
h
f*
255.6283 511.3134 m
260.3906 511.3134 l
h
f*
374.1165 485.348 m
378.8787 485.348 l
h
f*
379.3323 446.3433 m
384.0945 446.3433 l
h
f*
285.6756 420.3213 m
290.4378 420.3213 l
h
f*
439.8803 407.3386 m
449.4047 407.3386 l
h
f*
518.6268 355.3512 m
528.0945 355.3512 l
h
f*
203.4142 329.3291 m
212.9386 329.3291 l
h
f*
464.4283 199.3323 m
473.9528 199.3323 l
h
f*
546.1228 173.3102 m
555.6472 173.3102 l
h
f*
380.3528 134.3055 m
389.8772 134.3055 l
h
f*
510.3496 108.3402 m
519.874 108.3402 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(paramount)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(importance)Tj
4.8302 0 Td
(since)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(they)Tj
1.9219 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(understanding)Tj
6.0718 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(physiological)Tj
-31.1638 -1.3039 Td
(mechanisms)Tj
5.2043 0 Td
(involved)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(normal)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(alterations)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7928 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(prac-)Tj
-34.5597 -1.2982 Td
(tice.)Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(nature)Tj
2.8233 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(variations)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(arise)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(either)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(noisy)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(neural)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(pro-)Tj
-34.0212 -1.2983 Td
(cesses)Tj
2.5738 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(result)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(errors)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(motor)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(output)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(alterations)Tj
4.4107 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(motor)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(command)Tj
4.2973 0 Td
(that)Tj
-35.824 -1.2983 Td
(account)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(balance)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(instabilities)Tj
4.7679 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(2)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-11.5766 -1.3039 Td
(Normal)Tj
3.3392 0 Td
(gait)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(characterized)Tj
5.5616 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(autocorrelations)Tj
6.7464 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(when)Tj
-34.9849 -1.2982 Td
(considering)Tj
4.9209 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(sufficiently)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(long)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0182 0 Td
(scale)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2529 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.2529 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(origin)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2451 0 Td
(autocorrelations)Tj
-31.0675 -1.2983 Td
(may)Tj
1.9275 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(attributed)Tj
4.1725 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(neural)Tj
2.7722 0 Td
(central)Tj
2.965 0 Td
(pattern)Tj
3.1125 0 Td
(generators)Tj
4.422 0 Td
(\(CPGs\))Tj
3.1975 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2642 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(super)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(CPG)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(coupled)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.7651 -1.3039 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(forced)Tj
2.7609 0 Td
(Van)Tj
1.8992 0 Td
(der)Tj
1.5421 0 Td
(Pol)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(oscillator)Tj
3.8834 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(4)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(and/or)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(biomechanics)Tj
5.7259 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(5)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2642 0 Td
(6)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(many)Tj
-33.5563 -1.2983 Td
(years,)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(gait)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(studied)Tj
3.1578 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(classical)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(methods)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(adopting)Tj
3.787 0 Td
(biomechanical)Tj
6.0491 0 Td
(models)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.3569 -1.2983 Td
(which)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(variability)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5703 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(interest.)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(More)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(recent)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(techniques)Tj
4.5298 0 Td
(derived)Tj
3.2144 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(chaos)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(theory)Tj
2.8062 0 Td
(are)Tj
-34.9452 -1.3039 Td
(well)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(adapted)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(analyse)Tj
3.1238 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(exhibit)Tj
2.9764 0 Td
(long-range)Tj
4.5751 0 Td
(autocorrelation.)Tj
6.6103 0 Td
(Importantly,)Tj
5.2838 0 Td
(they)Tj
-35.0303 -1.2982 Td
(treat)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(variability)Tj
4.2179 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(meaningful)Tj
4.7849 0 Td
(interpretable)Tj
5.3517 0 Td
(signal.)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(Since)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(pioneering)Tj
4.5581 0 Td
(works)Tj
2.6418 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Hausdorff)Tj
-32.8816 -1.2983 Td
(et)Tj
0.941 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1226 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(1)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.2642 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(long-range)Tj
4.5807 0 Td
(autocorrelations)Tj
6.7465 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4456 0 Td
(estimated)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(Hurst)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
-33.2218 -1.3039 Td
(exponent)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F12 1 Tf
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
(\).)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.907 0 Td
(fractal,)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(introduced)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(1975)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(French)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(mathematician)Tj
6.2135 0 Td
(Beno)Tj
0 Tc
1.9956 0.0567 Td
()Tj
-0.004 Tc
0.3288 -0.0567 Td
(t)Tj
0.5216 0 Td
(Mandelbrot)Tj
-32.0256 -1.2983 Td
(\(19242010\))Tj
5.2213 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(7)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.5988 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(defined)Tj
3.2258 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(geometrical)Tj
4.9039 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(regular)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0941 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(uneven)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(shape)Tj
-33.7717 -1.2982 Td
(repeated)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(all)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(scales)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(measurement.)Tj
5.896 0 Td
(It)Tj
0.8617 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(characterized)Tj
5.5615 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
2.7155 0 Td
(dimension)Tj
4.4901 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\))Tj
1.5987 0 Td
(greater)Tj
-34.0438 -1.2983 Td
(than)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(spatial)Tj
2.7779 0 Td
(dimension)Tj
4.4901 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(structure)Tj
3.8211 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(8)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
(famous)Tj
3.1578 0 Td
(example)Tj
3.5489 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(object)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(snow)Tj
-33.4939 -1.3039 Td
(flake.)Tj
2.33 0 Td
(Objects)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4513 0 Td
(statistically)Tj
4.6091 0 Td
(self-similarparts)Tj
7.5572 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(show)Tj
2.3017 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(statistical)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
(properties)Tj
-32.7059 -1.2983 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(many)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(scalesexhibit)Tj
6.1455 0 Td
(strong)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(autocorrelation.)Tj
6.6103 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(Hurst)Tj
2.5512 0 Td
(exponent)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
3.9514 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0.7654 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(statistical)Tj
3.9118 0 Td
(measure)Tj
-33.4202 -1.2983 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(long-term)Tj
4.252 0 Td
(memory)Tj
3.6113 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(\(see)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7688 0 Td
[()2()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(9)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.372 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3889 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(review\))Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(usually)Tj
3.0161 0 Td
(associated)Tj
4.2576 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(frac-)Tj
-35.07 -1.3039 Td
(tal-like)Tj
2.982 0 Td
(behaviour.)Tj
4.4617 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(particular,)Tj
4.3369 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(peculiar)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(behavior)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9332 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(referred)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.2208 -1.2982 Td
(as)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
3.1068 0 Td
(behavior)Tj
4.1045 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(3)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-7.0298 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(theoretical)Tj
4.439 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(optimal)Tj
3.3109 0 Td
(movement)Tj
4.5127 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8539 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(based)Tj
2.4774 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(complemen-)Tj
-31.5664 -1.3039 Td
(tary)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(concepts)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()11()20()7()12()4( )-4(\n)11()22()11()4(\r)12()14(\n)-3()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
5.3461 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7292 0 Td
[( )7()11()15()10(\r)4()1()14(\n)-3()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
4.6317 0 Td
(Nature)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(let)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(us)Tj
1.1112 0 Td
(find)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(optimal)Tj
3.3109 0 Td
(behavior)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(terms)Tj
2.4945 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.9317 -1.2983 Td
(skills)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(variability)Tj
4.218 0 Td
(through)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(evolution.)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(As)Tj
1.2642 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9572 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(Lipsitz)Tj
2.8799 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(Glodberger)Tj
4.7736 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(pio-)Tj
-34.7525 -1.2983 Td
(neering)Tj
3.2654 0 Td
(work,)Tj
2.5059 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(optimal)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(biological)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(characterized)Tj
5.5559 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(chaotic)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(tempo-)Tj
-34.2026 -1.2982 Td
(ral)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(variations)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(steady)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0352 0 Td
(output)Tj
2.897 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(correspond)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(maximal)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(11)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Any)Tj
-33.596 -1.3039 Td
(deviation)Tj
3.9458 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(state,)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(like)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(senescence)Tj
4.5807 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(disease,)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(causes)Tj
2.7496 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(loss)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(\(see)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(also)Tj
-35.2967 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(]\).)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(Too)Tj
1.8481 0 Td
(few)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(practice)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(results)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(disorder)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(\(randomness,)Tj
5.6863 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(predictability\))Tj
5.862 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(excessive)Tj
-33.2388 -1.2983 Td
(practice)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(leads)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(high)Tj
2.0069 0 Td
(order)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(\(periodic)Tj
3.8664 0 Td
(signal,)Tj
2.7666 0 Td
(maximal)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(predictability\).)Tj
6.0888 0 Td
(Adaptation)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(system)Tj
-33.8738 -1.3039 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(external)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(stimuli)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(maximal)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(intermediate)Tj
5.3234 0 Td
(state)Tj
2.0353 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(predictability.)Tj
5.7486 0 Td
(Furthermore,)Tj
5.6126 0 Td
(a)Tj
-35.8807 -1.2982 Td
(signal)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6463 0 Td
(dynamical)Tj
4.371 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7632 0 Td
(holds)Tj
2.3867 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(inherent)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(complexity.)Tj
4.8642 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.8958 0 Td
(decrease)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
-33.1708 -1.2983 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(physiological)Tj
5.4425 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9423 0 Td
(results)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(either)Tj
2.5341 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(reduction)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(structural)Tj
4.0762 0 Td
(compo-)Tj
-33.3805 -1.3039 Td
(nents)Tj
2.398 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(alteration)Tj
4.0478 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(coupling)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(function)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(components.)Tj
5.3971 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(instance,)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(a)Tj
-35.1607 -1.2983 Td
(joint)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(can)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(become)Tj
3.3221 0 Td
(rigid)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(senescence,)Tj
4.8075 0 Td
(hence)Tj
2.5625 0 Td
(decreasing)Tj
4.4674 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(degree)Tj
2.8573 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(freedom)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(system)Tj
-34.4067 -1.2983 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(consequently,)Tj
5.7146 0 Td
(its)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(complexity.)Tj
4.8699 0 Td
(A)Tj
0.9014 0 Td
(holistic)Tj
3.1181 0 Td
(approach)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(mechanisms)Tj
5.21 0 Td
(requires)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.7786 -1.3039 Td
(associate)Tj
3.7303 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(measurements)Tj
6.0321 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(concepts.)Tj
3.9514 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(Hurst)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(exponent)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
3.9515 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0.771 0 Td
(captures)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.3512 -1.2982 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(story)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(suited)Tj
2.6249 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(reflect)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(predictability.)Tj
5.7487 0 Td
(While)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(Minkowski)Tj
4.7395 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(dimension)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
4.49 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-36.2378 -1.2983 Td
(provides)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(good)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(measurability)Tj
5.6352 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(apparent)Tj
4.1555 0 Td
(rugosity)Tj
3.8665 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(fractals)Tj
3.0727 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(13)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(reflects)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(complexity.)Tj
-32.7399 -1.2983 Td
(Note)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(quantification)Tj
5.8393 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(concept)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(such)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(may)Tj
1.9276 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(linked)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(unique)Tj
-33.0744 -1.3039 Td
(measure;)Tj
3.804 0 Td
(entropy-related)Tj
6.4176 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9402 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(shown)Tj
2.8459 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(relvant)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(domain)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(12)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-34.2706 -1.2983 Td
(Here,)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5307 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2563 0 Td
(parameters)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(complement)Tj
5.2498 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(usual)Tj
2.3131 0 Td
(quantification)Tj
5.8393 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(autocorrelation)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
6.3836 0 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0.771 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.2832 -1.2982 Td
(unusual)Tj
3.3902 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(perturbed)Tj
4.1896 0 Td
(gait)Tj
1.6837 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0319 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2075 0 Td
(attempt)Tj
3.3052 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(probe)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(adaptability)Tj
4.9096 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(framework)Tj
4.6205 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.6177 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(model)Tj
2.7439 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(optimal)Tj
3.3108 0 Td
(movement)Tj
4.5128 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(10)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-16.4975 -1.2983 Td
(As)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(today,)Tj
2.6645 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(vast)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(majority)Tj
3.6283 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(studies)Tj
2.9877 0 Td
(explored)Tj
3.702 0 Td
(autocorrelation)Tj
6.3836 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(dur-)Tj
-35.3364 -1.2983 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(natural)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.4016 0 Td
(walking.)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(notable)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(exception)Tj
4.0932 0 Td
(however,)Tj
3.8381 0 Td
(Bollens)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(et)Tj
0.9411 0 Td
(al.)Tj
1.1282 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(14)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7632 0 Td
(tested)Tj
-34.3103 -1.3039 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(small)Tj
2.3244 0 Td
(sample)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7213 0 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(subjects.)Tj
3.6056 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(authors)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(find)Tj
1.8538 0 Td
(signif-)Tj
-34.9679 -1.2982 Td
(icant)Tj
2.1883 0 Td
(differences)Tj
4.5694 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(long-range)Tj
4.5808 0 Td
(autocorrelation)Tj
6.3835 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.532 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(directions.)Tj
4.439 0 Td
(However,)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 329.3291 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Fractal)Tj
3.2244 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
4.0961 0 Td
(reveal)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
(indepe)Tj
2.9339 0 Td
(ndent)Tj
2.6788 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.8614 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(predictability)Tj
5.6694 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(gait)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01887)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(November)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(28,)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(2017)Tj
32.5561 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
37 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
38 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
39 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
40 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
42 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
43 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
44 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
45 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
46 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
47 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
48 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
49 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
50 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(18)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
51 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Annots 54 0 R/Contents 55 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
54 0 obj
[56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R]
endobj
56 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref015)>>
endobj
57 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref016)>>
endobj
58 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref017)>>
endobj
59 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref018)>>
endobj
60 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref019)>>
endobj
61 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref020)>>
endobj
62 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref022)>>
endobj
63 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref003)>>
endobj
64 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref023)>>
endobj
65 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref024)>>
endobj
66 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref024)>>
endobj
67 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref025)>>
endobj
68 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref026)>>
endobj
69 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref027)>>
endobj
70 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref016)>>
endobj
71 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 72 0 R>>
endobj
72 0 obj
<>
endobj
55 0 obj
[73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R]
endobj
73 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
381.8268 693.2976 m
391.3512 693.2976 l
h
f*
416.2961 667.3323 m
425.8205 667.3323 l
h
f*
388.4031 628.3276 m
397.8709 628.3276 l
h
f*
317.5937 602.3055 m
327.0614 602.3055 l
h
f*
413.0079 589.3228 m
422.5323 589.3228 l
h
f*
297.3543 524.2961 m
306.8787 524.2961 l
h
f*
312.0378 524.2961 m
321.5622 524.2961 l
h
f*
287.5465 498.3307 m
292.252 498.3307 l
h
f*
379.8425 498.3307 m
389.2535 498.3307 l
h
f*
444.3591 498.3307 m
453.8268 498.3307 l
h
f*
254.6646 472.3087 m
264.1323 472.3087 l
h
f*
390.1039 472.3087 m
399.5717 472.3087 l
h
f*
203.3575 459.326 m
212.8252 459.326 l
h
f*
217.2472 459.326 m
226.715 459.326 l
h
f*
344.863 446.3433 m
354.3307 446.3433 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(revealed)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1508 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(sensitive)Tj
3.6284 0 Td
(than)Tj
2.0239 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(measures)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(to)Tj
-35.8013 -1.3039 Td
(classify)Tj
3.0557 0 Td
(elderly)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(fallers)Tj
2.5852 0 Td
(compare)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(non-fallers)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(15)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0989 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(under)Tj
2.6192 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.1834 -1.2982 Td
(perspective)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
2.7155 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
3.481 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(promising)Tj
4.3427 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2882 0 Td
(more)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(reliable)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(predictive)Tj
4.1895 0 Td
(index)Tj
-34.9452 -1.2983 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(fallers,)Tj
2.812 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(previously)Tj
4.3483 0 Td
(proposed)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.4015 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Backward)Tj
4.1669 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7689 0 Td
(frequently)Tj
-33.5053 -1.2983 Td
(used)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(sports)Tj
2.6362 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(rehabilitation)Tj
5.6125 0 Td
(settings,)Tj
3.4696 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(understanding)Tj
6.0718 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(variability)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.2854 -1.3039 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6725 0 Td
(condition)Tj
4.1159 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(needed)Tj
3.0954 0 Td
(since)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8448 0 Td
(believed)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(least)Tj
-34.9056 -1.2982 Td
(partly)Tj
2.5398 0 Td
(controlled)Tj
4.3199 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1793 0 Td
(specialized)Tj
4.524 0 Td
(neural)Tj
2.7723 0 Td
(circuits)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(17)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-17.3025 -1.2983 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(system)Tj
2.9367 0 Td
(provides)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2018 0 Td
(essential)Tj
3.583 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2485 0 Td
(contribution)Tj
5.2894 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(maintenance)Tj
5.3914 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(bal-)Tj
-35.9033 -1.3039 Td
(ance)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(human)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(18)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.075 0 Td
(Individuals)Tj
4.7225 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
4.1103 0 Td
(disorders)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(show)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(decreased)Tj
4.1329 0 Td
(walk-)Tj
-35.3478 -1.2983 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(stability)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(accompanied)Tj
5.5446 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1848 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(increased)Tj
3.9968 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(fall)Tj
1.4343 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(19)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(Therefore,)Tj
4.3937 0 Td
(perturbing)Tj
4.5184 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
-33.4145 -1.2983 Td
(system)Tj
2.9366 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1351 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(galvanic)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
(\(GVS\))Tj
2.7836 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(targeted)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(mean)Tj
-34.4293 -1.3039 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(probe)Tj
2.5455 0 Td
(gait:)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(it)Tj
0.7824 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8504 0 Td
(standardized,)Tj
5.5785 0 Td
(well)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(tolerated)Tj
3.7474 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(subjects,)Tj
3.6 0 Td
(generated)Tj
4.1385 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(currently)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(affordable)Tj
-32.2523 -1.2982 Td
(electrostimulators,)Tj
7.6251 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(easy)Tj
1.8879 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(implement)Tj
4.5808 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.3981 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(large)Tj
2.16 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4129 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(intervals)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(recorded)Tj
-34.0212 -1.2983 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(instrumented)Tj
5.6353 0 Td
(treadmill.)Tj
4.0818 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(use)Tj
1.5363 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7688 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(increasingly)Tj
5.0343 0 Td
(common)Tj
3.8438 0 Td
(clinical)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(inter-)Tj
-35.121 -1.3039 Td
(vention)Tj
3.2654 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(locomotion)Tj
4.8529 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(20)Tj
0 g
()Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(22)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
-0.007 Tc
-8.1977 -1.2983 Td
(Previously,)Tj
4.5864 0 Td
(autocorrelations)Tj
6.6954 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4094 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(identified)Tj
4.0308 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5647 0 Td
(only)Tj
1.9616 0 Td
(in)Tj
-35.3421 -1.2982 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1124 0 Td
(young)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(adults)Tj
2.5965 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(3)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.3663 0 Td
(but)Tj
1.5477 0 Td
(also)Tj
1.7575 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(children)Tj
3.532 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(23)Tj
0 g
(])Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7178 0 Td
(elderly)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(evenalthough)Tj
6.4857 0 Td
(signifi-)Tj
-34.367 -1.2983 Td
(cantly)Tj
2.6078 0 Td
(modifiedin)Tj
5.5502 0 Td
(several)Tj
2.914 0 Td
(neurodegenerative)Tj
7.6081 0 Td
(conditions.)Tj
4.6715 0 Td
(In)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(particular,)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(cases)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(Hunting-)Tj
-33.4316 -1.3039 Td
(ton's)Tj
2.1316 0 Td
(disease)Tj
2.999 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(24)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(amyotrophic)Tj
5.3121 0 Td
(lateral)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(sclerosis)Tj
3.515 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(25)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(Parkinson's)Tj
4.8585 0 Td
(disease)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(have)Tj
2.0466 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1146 0 Td
(studied)Tj
-34.469 -1.2983 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(26)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.7234 0 Td
(27)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(hope)Tj
2.1826 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(connecting)Tj
4.6431 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(observed)Tj
3.7701 0 Td
(modifications)Tj
5.6976 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(behavior)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(some)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(rele-)Tj
-35.5802 -1.2983 Td
(vant)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(evaluation)Tj
4.3313 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(risk)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(falling)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(16)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(Here,)Tj
2.4151 0 Td
(we)Tj
1.321 0 Td
(hypothesize)Tj
4.9095 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7632 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(combined)Tj
4.218 0 Td
(effects)Tj
2.7042 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.0076 -1.3039 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3391 0 Td
(direction)Tj
3.8268 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(application)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0092 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.0976 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2699 0 Td
(long-range)Tj
4.5467 0 Td
(autocorrelations)Tj
6.7011 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(stride)Tj
-33.1084 -1.2982 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2371 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4378 0 Td
(enhance)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(sensitivity)Tj
4.1896 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(fractal)Tj
2.6929 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
3.3052 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(identify)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(impaired)Tj
3.8267 0 Td
(gait.)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(measured)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
-33.4712 -1.2983 Td
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0.7653 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7178 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.9127 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9084 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.3845 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0705 0 Td
(walking,)Tj
3.5659 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9843 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3052 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(application)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(binaural)Tj
-33.1821 -1.3039 Td
(and)Tj
1.7177 0 Td
(monaural)Tj
4.0876 0 Td
(GVS.)Tj
2.3187 0 Td
(We)Tj
1.6044 0 Td
(speculate)Tj
3.8437 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7689 0 Td
(these)Tj
2.2393 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(indexes)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(should)Tj
2.8969 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1452 0 Td
(able)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(capture)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(differences)Tj
-32.5698 -1.2983 Td
(between)Tj
3.5035 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4255 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4447 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(therefore)Tj
3.8267 0 Td
(provide)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(better)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(indexes)Tj
3.2145 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(classify)Tj
3.033 0 Td
(patients.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 356.2015 cm
BT
/F2 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Material)Tj
3.959 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.989 0 Td
(methods)Tj
/F0 1 Tf
-5.948 -1.5023 Td
(Participants)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 321.222 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Thirty-four)Tj
4.7905 0 Td
(undergraduate)Tj
6.0944 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(graduate)Tj
3.6964 0 Td
(healthy)Tj
3.1294 0 Td
(students)Tj
3.566 0 Td
(\(18)Tj
1.5023 0 Td
(males,)Tj
2.727 0 Td
(16)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(females\))Tj
3.5546 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(physiother-)Tj
-32.9893 -1.3039 Td
(apy)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(took)Tj
2.024 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(this)Tj
1.6724 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(recruited)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(Haute)Tj
2.6702 0 Td
(Ecole)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(Louvain)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(en)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(Hainaut)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(\(Charleroi,)Tj
-32.4905 -1.2982 Td
(Belgium\).)Tj
4.1158 0 Td
(Mean)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(age)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(23)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(years)Tj
2.2677 0 Td
(\(standard)Tj
4.0591 0 Td
(deviation,)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
4.1726 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.372 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(2\),)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(height)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(173)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.7121 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(9\),)Tj
-35.0246 -1.2983 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(69)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1849 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.7064 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(10\),)Tj
1.7404 0 Td
(body)Tj
2.2167 0 Td
(mass)Tj
2.194 0 Td
(index)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(23)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(kg)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(m)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 422.3055 286.6393 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 432.2834 282.2173 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.7121 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(3\),)Tj
1.2586 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(limb)Tj
2.0636 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7269 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\),)Tj
-35.9713 -1.3039 Td
(measured)Tj
4.1046 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0374 0 Td
(standing)Tj
3.6737 0 Td
(position)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(as)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(distance)Tj
3.5036 0 Td
(between)Tj
3.5263 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4739 0 Td
(floor)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(great)Tj
2.211 0 Td
(trochanter,)Tj
4.6488 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(88)Tj
-35.7219 -1.2982 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.7064 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(5\).)Tj
-2.7723 -1.2983 Td
(Subjects)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.576 0 Td
(medicated)Tj
4.3653 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(did)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(not)Tj
1.5704 0 Td
(exhibit)Tj
2.9763 0 Td
(any)Tj
1.6611 0 Td
(neuromusculoskeletal,)Tj
9.1614 0 Td
(orthopaedic,)Tj
-31.3962 -1.3039 Td
(respiratory,)Tj
4.8189 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(cardiovascular)Tj
6.0038 0 Td
(disorders)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(could)Tj
2.4548 0 Td
(influence)Tj
3.9173 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(gait.)Tj
1.9105 0 Td
(Exclusion)Tj
4.1386 0 Td
(criteria)Tj
-32.1616 -1.2983 Td
(included)Tj
3.7134 0 Td
(vestibular)Tj
4.1102 0 Td
(disorders)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(addition)Tj
3.5943 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(specific)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(exclusion)Tj
3.9854 0 Td
(criteria:)Tj
3.3052 0 Td
(presence)Tj
3.7077 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(heart)Tj
-35.3874 -1.2982 Td
(pacemaker,)Tj
4.7849 0 Td
(pregnancy,)Tj
4.6317 0 Td
(metallic)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(brain)Tj
2.3528 0 Td
(implants,)Tj
3.9344 0 Td
(epilepsy,)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.729 0 Td
(skin)Tj
1.8935 0 Td
(damage)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(behind)Tj
3.0217 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(ears)Tj
1.8084 0 Td
(or)Tj
-35.9883 -1.2983 Td
(forehead.)Tj
3.9345 0 Td
(Eligible)Tj
3.2031 0 Td
(participants)Tj
4.9493 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(required)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1395 0 Td
(able)Tj
1.8199 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(respond)Tj
3.4638 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(verbal)Tj
2.6475 0 Td
(questions,)Tj
4.235 0 Td
(compre-)Tj
-34.1799 -1.3039 Td
(hend)Tj
2.245 0 Td
(questionnaires,)Tj
6.2929 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(understand)Tj
4.7906 0 Td
(instructions)Tj
5.0002 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.9254 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4682 0 Td
(procedures)Tj
4.6771 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(study.)Tj
2.6135 0 Td
(Prior)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(to)Tj
-36.5213 -1.2983 Td
(participating,)Tj
5.5559 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3732 0 Td
(read)Tj
1.9786 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(signed)Tj
2.8176 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(informed)Tj
3.9685 0 Td
(consent)Tj
3.3334 0 Td
(form.)Tj
2.4321 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3925 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(approved)Tj
3.9741 0 Td
(by)Tj
-36.2321 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(ethics)Tj
2.5229 0 Td
(committee)Tj
4.5014 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Grand)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(Ho)Tj
0 Tc
0.8334 0.0511 Td
()Tj
-0.004 Tc
0.4422 -0.0511 Td
(pital)Tj
1.9842 0 Td
(de)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(Charleroi)Tj
4.0308 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(conducted)Tj
4.4276 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(accordance)Tj
4.7338 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
-34.7071 -1.3039 Td
(declaration)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(Helsinki.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 112.9889 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Experimental)Tj
5.9858 0 Td
(procedure)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 95.9811 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(Subjects)Tj
3.4922 0 Td
(walked)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(instrumented)Tj
5.6353 0 Td
(treadmill)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(\(70)Tj
1.508 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(wide,)Tj
2.3527 0 Td
(185)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(cm)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(long\))Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(integrated)Tj
-32.4508 -1.2982 Td
(force)Tj
2.2336 0 Td
(plate)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(an)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(overhead)Tj
3.8891 0 Td
(safety)Tj
2.4831 0 Td
(frame)Tj
2.5568 0 Td
(\(N-Mill,)Tj
3.5206 0 Td
(Motekforce)Tj
4.8529 0 Td
(Link,)Tj
2.2961 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(Netherlands\).)Tj
5.6863 0 Td
(They)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 329.3291 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Fractal)Tj
3.2244 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
4.0961 0 Td
(reveal)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
(indepe)Tj
2.9339 0 Td
(ndent)Tj
2.6788 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.8614 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(predictability)Tj
5.6694 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(gait)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01887)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(November)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(28,)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(2017)Tj
32.5561 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
74 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
75 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
76 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
77 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
78 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
79 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
80 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
81 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
82 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
83 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
84 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
85 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
86 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
87 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
88 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
89 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(18)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
90 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Annots 95 0 R/Contents 96 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
95 0 obj
[97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R]
endobj
97 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.g001)>>
endobj
98 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.g002)>>
endobj
99 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref028)>>
endobj
100 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.ref029)>>
endobj
101 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/Dest(Rpone.0188711.g003)>>
endobj
102 0 obj
<>/Border[0 0 0]/A 103 0 R>>
endobj
103 0 obj
<>
endobj
96 0 obj
[104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R]
endobj
104 0 obj
<>stream
q
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
539.0362 498.3307 m
558.5953 498.3307 l
h
f*
516.8693 368.3339 m
536.485 368.3339 l
h
f*
427.5213 290.3244 m
437.0457 290.3244 l
h
f*
322.9228 264.3024 m
332.4472 264.3024 l
h
f*
250.1291 146.948 m
269.6882 146.948 l
h
f*
0 g
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 707.4141 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(wore)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(comfortable)Tj
5.0456 0 Td
(running)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(shoes,)Tj
2.6248 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(safety)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(harness,)Tj
3.4752 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(asked)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(keep)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(eyes)Tj
1.8822 0 Td
(fixed)Tj
-33.3919 -1.3039 Td
(straight)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(ahead.)Tj
2.7892 0 Td
(Four)Tj
2.1544 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4787 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(studied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7065 0 Td
(measurement)Tj
5.6693 0 Td
(sessions)Tj
3.4128 0 Td
(on)Tj
-35.0189 -1.2982 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6567 0 Td
(days:)Tj
2.2223 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.4072 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3279 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(\(FW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 416.2393 679.748 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 423.2125 681.3921 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5555 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(\(FW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 505.474 679.748 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 513.1842 681.3921 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(backward)Tj
-33.6072 -1.2982 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(\(BW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 306.822 666.7086 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 313.7952 668.4094 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(\(BW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 396.5669 666.7086 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 404.3338 668.4094 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\).)Tj
0.7823 0 Td
(Session)Tj
3.1635 0 Td
(1)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(FW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 502.8094 666.7086 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 511.9937 668.4094 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(FW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 544.1952 666.7086 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 554.1732 668.4094 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(con-)Tj
-35.4158 -1.2982 Td
(ditions)Tj
2.9934 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(session)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(2)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(included)Tj
3.7133 0 Td
(BW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 337.2661 653.7259 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 346.4503 655.4267 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(BW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 379.2188 653.7259 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 389.1401 655.4267 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(conditions.)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(During)Tj
3.1407 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.024 0 Td
(condition,)Tj
4.3426 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
-33.1197 -1.3039 Td
(walked)Tj
3.0331 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(treadmill)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(15)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(minutes.)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
(Before)Tj
2.8119 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0295 0 Td
(session,)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(given)Tj
2.3754 0 Td
(five)Tj
1.6554 0 Td
(minutes)Tj
-33.5279 -1.2982 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(familiarize)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(themselves)Tj
4.5581 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(treadmill)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.729 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(conditions.)Tj
-19.3604 -1.2983 Td
(Subjects)Tj
3.498 0 Td
(walked)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(their)Tj
2.1089 0 Td
(comfortable)Tj
5.0457 0 Td
(speed)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.78 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(determined)Tj
4.8472 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(familiarization)Tj
-31.0277 -1.3039 Td
(procedure)Tj
4.303 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1735 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2507 0 Td
(experimenter)Tj
5.5672 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(tuning)Tj
2.8686 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4626 0 Td
(speed)Tj
2.4605 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0091 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.457 0 Td
(belt)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(while)Tj
2.3584 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4627 0 Td
(subject)Tj
3.0047 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6894 0 Td
(walk-)Tj
-35.3817 -1.2983 Td
(ing)Tj
1.5024 0 Td
(without)Tj
3.3278 0 Td
(GVS.)Tj
2.3301 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(same)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(speed)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(imposed)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(when)Tj
2.4037 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.109 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(applied.)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(Vertical)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(ground)Tj
-33.9984 -1.2982 Td
(reaction)Tj
3.4923 0 Td
(force)Tj
2.2337 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 265.833 575.7165 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 269.0645 577.4173 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(centre)Tj
2.7099 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(pressure)Tj
3.5773 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()-2()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\))Tj
2.5342 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(foot)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(recorded)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9525 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(sampling)Tj
3.8778 0 Td
(rate)Tj
1.7461 0 Td
(of)Tj
-36.6233 -1.3039 Td
(500)Tj
1.6441 0 Td
(Hz)Tj
1.4003 0 Td
(using)Tj
2.3924 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(manufacturer's)Tj
6.2645 0 Td
(software)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(\(CueFors)Tj
3.9401 0 Td
(2,)Tj
0.9185 0 Td
(Motekforce)Tj
4.8529 0 Td
(Link,)Tj
2.296 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(Netherlands\).)Tj
-30.5458 -1.2982 Td
(Time)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2655 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(computed)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(heel)Tj
1.8426 0 Td
(strikes)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(\(during)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(forward)Tj
3.4015 0 Td
(walking\))Tj
3.702 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(toe)Tj
-35.206 -1.2983 Td
(strikes)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(\(during)Tj
3.2712 0 Td
(backward)Tj
4.0988 0 Td
(walking\))Tj
3.702 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(right)Tj
2.1487 0 Td
(foot)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(identified)Tj
4.0592 0 Td
(on)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.2756 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 461.707 536.7118 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 464.9385 538.4125 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(-time)Tj
2.381 0 Td
(histories)Tj
3.6057 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(time)Tj
-34.2082 -1.3039 Td
(series)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(step)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(width)Tj
2.5228 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2054 0 Td
(maximal)Tj
3.7076 0 Td
(medio-lateral)Tj
5.5673 0 Td
(displacement)Tj
5.5105 0 Td
(of)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0148 0 Td
[()-2()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.8594 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(two)Tj
1.7064 0 Td
(consecutive)Tj
4.8813 0 Td
(steps.)Tj
-34.2366 -1.2982 Td
(At)Tj
1.2019 0 Td
(completion)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(both)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(sessions,)Tj
3.634 0 Td
(four)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(series)Tj
2.4265 0 Td
(containing)Tj
4.5297 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(values)Tj
2.6645 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(intervals)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(in)Tj
-36.3002 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(conditions)Tj
4.4731 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(obtained)Tj
3.7304 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(subject.)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(Typical)Tj
3.1691 0 Td
(plots)Tj
2.1542 0 Td
(are)Tj
1.4457 0 Td
(displayed)Tj
3.9798 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0375 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(1)Tj
0 g
(.)Tj
-34.1855 -1.2983 Td
(Bipolar)Tj
3.1465 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(applied)Tj
3.1521 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6577 0 Td
(regulated,)Tj
4.1612 0 Td
(direct-current)Tj
5.845 0 Td
(device)Tj
2.7438 0 Td
(\(Compex)Tj
3.9515 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(Professional,)Tj
-31.3509 -1.3039 Td
(Compex)Tj
3.617 0 Td
(Medical)Tj
3.4299 0 Td
(SA,)Tj
1.6101 0 Td
(Switzerland\))Tj
5.2497 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9956 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(maximum)Tj
4.3767 0 Td
(output)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0147 0 Td
(20)Tj
1.1736 0 Td
(mA)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(steps)Tj
2.1827 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(0.125)Tj
-35.2967 -1.2982 Td
(mA.)Tj
1.9502 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7802 0 Td
(carbon)Tj
3.0104 0 Td
(electrodes)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(\(20)Tj
1.5137 0 Td
(cm)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 337.2094 464.8251 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 340.7811 460.4031 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\))Tj
0.5612 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(covered)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0013 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(saline-soaked)Tj
5.6013 0 Td
(sponge)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(held)Tj
1.9445 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(place)Tj
-34.3839 -1.2982 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(mastoids)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0999 0 Td
(forehead)Tj
3.719 0 Td
(with)Tj
2.0012 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(strap.)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(34)Tj
1.1678 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3789 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.126 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(exposed)Tj
3.4469 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0205 0 Td
(one)Tj
1.7007 0 Td
(of)Tj
-35.8919 -1.3039 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(three)Tj
2.2621 0 Td
(different)Tj
3.6566 0 Td
(transcranial)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
4.7961 0 Td
(conditions:)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(binaural)Tj
3.5547 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.0885 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7993 0 Td
(12\),)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(unilateral)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(left)Tj
-33.0403 -1.2983 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.0885 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(11\),)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(unilateral)Tj
4.0195 0 Td
(right)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
1.0885 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(11\).)Tj
1.7347 0 Td
(For)Tj
1.627 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(binaural)Tj
3.5603 0 Td
(stimulation,)Tj
5.0173 0 Td
(electrodes)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(were)Tj
2.1259 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
-33.165 -1.2983 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7893 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9785 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(mastoids)Tj
3.7984 0 Td
(with)Tj
1.9955 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(cathode-left)Tj
4.9719 0 Td
(anode-right)Tj
4.9379 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(cathode-right)Tj
5.6409 0 Td
(anode-left)Tj
4.269 0 Td
(montage.)Tj
-33.6016 -1.3039 Td
(For)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(monoaural)Tj
4.6148 0 Td
(stimulations,)Tj
5.3801 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4682 0 Td
(cathode)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(randomly)Tj
4.1272 0 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7949 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4741 0 Td
(right)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(mastoid)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(and)Tj
-35.5745 -1.2982 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(anode)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(right)Tj
2.1486 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8369 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(forehead)Tj
3.7189 0 Td
(\(right)Tj
2.4888 0 Td
(stimulation\))Tj
5.1364 0 Td
(or)Tj
1.0998 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(cathode)Tj
3.3619 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(placed)Tj
2.7893 0 Td
(over)Tj
-35.1153 -1.2983 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(mastoid)Tj
3.4356 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(anode)Tj
2.6589 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4682 0 Td
(left)Tj
1.4797 0 Td
(part)Tj
1.8368 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(forehead)Tj
3.7247 0 Td
(\(left)Tj
1.8141 0 Td
(stimulation\).)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
5.3632 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(2)Tj
0 g
0.6974 0 Td
(shows)Tj
2.6588 0 Td
(a)Tj
-36.5212 -1.2983 Td
(schematic)Tj
4.1952 0 Td
(representation)Tj
6.0151 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(location)Tj
3.4524 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(electrodes)Tj
4.2292 0 Td
(over)Tj
1.9729 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(head)Tj
2.1373 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(3)Tj
0.6973 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
-31.9858 -1.3039 Td
(conditions.)Tj
4.6998 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(intensity)Tj
3.6907 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.6951 0 Td
(set)Tj
1.304 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9523 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(highest)Tj
3.0955 0 Td
(sensory)Tj
3.2428 0 Td
(tolerance)Tj
3.9004 0 Td
(threshold,)Tj
4.235 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7744 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(deter-)Tj
-33.5392 -1.2983 Td
(mined)Tj
2.8063 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(increasing)Tj
4.3313 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(intensity)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(slowly)Tj
2.7212 0 Td
(by)Tj
1.1792 0 Td
(0.125-mA)Tj
4.2066 0 Td
(steps.)Tj
2.4038 0 Td
(That)Tj
2.0919 0 Td
(intensity)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(main-)Tj
-34.6447 -1.2982 Td
(tained)Tj
2.7156 0 Td
(constant)Tj
3.6396 0 Td
(throughout)Tj
4.7792 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3618 0 Td
(period.)Tj
3.0614 0 Td
(Mean)Tj
2.5172 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.1861 0 Td
(density)Tj
3.1011 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(subjects)Tj
3.3788 0 Td
(was)Tj
1.7008 0 Td
(0.07)Tj
-34.2932 -1.3039 Td
(mA)Tj
1.7234 0 Td
(cm)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 229.6629 308.8629 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 239.6976 304.3842 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\(range:)Tj
3.0273 0 Td
(0.040.08)Tj
4.0422 0 Td
(mA)Tj
1.7235 0 Td
(cm)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 340.044 308.8629 cm
BT
/F14 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(2)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 347.8677 304.3842 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\).)Tj
0.788 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(intensity)Tj
3.685 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(duration)Tj
3.7021 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(GVS)Tj
2.1033 0 Td
(adhered)Tj
3.4582 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(the)Tj
-35.5462 -1.2982 Td
(safety)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(criteria)Tj
3.0784 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.3833 0 Td
(transcranial)Tj
4.9606 0 Td
(direct)Tj
2.5285 0 Td
(current)Tj
3.186 0 Td
(stimulation)Tj
4.7962 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(28)Tj
0 g
(].)Tj
2.0749 0 Td
(After)Tj
2.2848 0 Td
(FW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 482.6834 289.7574 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 492.6047 291.4015 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(BW)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 525.3732 289.7574 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(+)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 535.2944 291.4015 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(condi-)Tj
-33.5279 -1.2982 Td
(tions,)Tj
2.4264 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(subject)Tj
3.0161 0 Td
(completed)Tj
4.405 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6576 0 Td
(home-made)Tj
5.0513 0 Td
(French)Tj
3.0444 0 Td
(translation)Tj
4.5297 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(Motion)Tj
3.2372 0 Td
(Sickness)Tj
3.5772 0 Td
(Assess-)Tj
-34.4633 -1.3039 Td
(ment)Tj
2.3074 0 Td
(Questionnaire)Tj
5.947 0 Td
(\(MSAQ\))Tj
3.6964 0 Td
([)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
(29)Tj
0 g
(],)Tj
2.0806 0 Td
(that)Tj
1.7745 0 Td
(consists)Tj
3.3505 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(16)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(questions,)Tj
4.2462 0 Td
(allowing)Tj
3.6227 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0204 0 Td
(differentiate)Tj
-30.2284 -1.2983 Td
(motion)Tj
3.1634 0 Td
(sickness)Tj
3.4639 0 Td
(symptoms)Tj
4.3597 0 Td
(along)Tj
2.4208 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(gastrointestinal,)Tj
6.5763 0 Td
(central,)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(peripheral,)Tj
4.5411 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(sopite-related)Tj
-30.9201 -1.2983 Td
(dimensions.)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
11.9999 0 0 11.9999 200.0125 205.0582 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0033 Tc
0 0 Td
(Data)Tj
2.3102 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 200.0125 188.0503 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7801 0 Td
(treadmill)Tj
3.8551 0 Td
(software)Tj
3.5886 0 Td
(directly)Tj
3.2315 0 Td
(computed)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4662 0 Td
(interval,)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
3.4922 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(,)Tj
1.0318 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7348 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(mean)Tj
2.4434 0 Td
(step)Tj
-33.2728 -1.2982 Td
(width,)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.7495 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(,)Tj
1.1055 0 Td
(for)Tj
1.389 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(subject)Tj
3.016 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(each)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(condition.)Tj
4.337 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7858 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4661 0 Td
(amplitude)Tj
4.2803 0 Td
(\()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 470.3244 173.3669 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 473.896 175.0677 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(\),)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.788 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
1.3266 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(angle)Tj
2.3414 0 Td
(between)Tj
-33.3124 -1.3152 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(leg)Tj
1.355 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7291 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(vertical)Tj
3.1408 0 Td
(at)Tj
0.9524 0 Td
(heel)Tj
1.8425 0 Td
(strike,)Tj
2.6646 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(then)Tj
2.0183 0 Td
(been)Tj
2.1203 0 Td
(computed)Tj
4.2633 0 Td
(from)Tj
2.2053 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4739 0 Td
(relation)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0 Tc
3.3109 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
523.5024 164.6362 m
527.4709 164.6362 l
527.4709 164.1827 l
523.5024 164.1827 l
f*
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 523.5023 165.5433 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F15 1 Tf
0.085 -1.1716 Td
(4)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 530.2488 161.9149 cm
BT
/F16 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
()Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.0544 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F14 1 Tf
0.686 0 Td
[()-6()8()]TJ
/F17 1 Tf
1.4287 0 Td
(y)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
5.9998 0 0 5.9998 566.9291 159.4204 cm
BT
/F15 1 Tf
1 TL
0 0 Td
(0)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 570.444 161.9149 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(,)Tj
-37.0429 -1.3889 Td
(displayed)Tj
3.9799 0 Td
(in)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
1.0318 0 Td
(Fig)Tj
1.4796 0 Td
(3)Tj
0 g
(,)Tj
0.9241 0 Td
(where)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.6476 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.6576 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(walking)Tj
3.3562 0 Td
(speed)Tj
2.4775 0 Td
(and)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
1.7291 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.7484 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.474 0 Td
(lower)Tj
2.4491 0 Td
(limb)Tj
2.0579 0 Td
(length)Tj
2.7326 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(subject.)Tj
-32.1957 -1.3039 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(temporal)Tj
3.838 0 Td
(analysis)Tj
3.3222 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(our)Tj
1.6271 0 Td
(experimental)Tj
5.4595 0 Td
(data)Tj
1.9162 0 Td
(has)Tj
1.542 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0262 0 Td
(go)Tj
1.1905 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.652 0 Td
(step)Tj
1.8198 0 Td
(beyond)Tj
3.1918 0 Td
(mere)Tj
2.2564 0 Td
(descriptive)Tj
-31.8386 -1.2983 Td
(statistics)Tj
3.5887 0 Td
(to)Tj
1.0261 0 Td
(study)Tj
2.3868 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(contained)Tj
4.1952 0 Td
(in)Tj
1.0375 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(variability.)Tj
4.4504 0 Td
(Let)Tj
/F18 1 Tf
1.4796 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.8277 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
({)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 530.0787 120.359 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 532.0629 122.0031 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(:)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.4422 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.4875 0 Td
(=)Tj
0.7994 0 Td
(1,)Tj
/F15 1 Tf
0 Tc
0.9241 0 Td
(.)Tj
0.4308 0 Td
(.)Tj
0.4366 0 Td
(.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-0.004 Tc
(,)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
-36.7254 -1.2982 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(})Tj
1.0885 0 Td
(be)Tj
1.1509 0 Td
(a)Tj
0.6519 0 Td
(time)Tj
2.0296 0 Td
(series,)Tj
2.6532 0 Td
(where)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.6476 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 308.1259 107.3196 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 312.3212 109.0204 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
3.2598 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(cycle)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.194 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.4875 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.7292 0 Td
(where)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
2.6475 0 Td
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
0.7484 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8503 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(number)Tj
3.4185 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(cycles)Tj
-34.8544 -1.3039 Td
(recorded)Tj
3.7927 0 Td
(during)Tj
2.931 0 Td
(15)Tj
1.1679 0 Td
(minutes.)Tj
3.6905 0 Td
(The)Tj
1.7859 0 Td
(first)Tj
1.8028 0 Td
(indicator)Tj
3.8664 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(variability)Tj
4.2236 0 Td
(is)Tj
0.8447 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(coefficient)Tj
4.3823 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(variation)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
-31.9858 -1.2982 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 212.8251 81.3543 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 219.4582 82.9984 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(=)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
0.7993 0 Td
[()8()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\()Tj
/F18 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(\)/)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
[()]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
(.)Tj
3.8098 0 Td
(Because)Tj
/F13 1 Tf
3.3902 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.4999 0 0 6.6659 312.3212 81.3543 cm
BT
/F13 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.0053 Tc
0 0 Td
[()]TJ
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
10 0 0 10 318.8976 82.9984 cm
BT
/F7 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.004 Tc
0 0 Td
(provides)Tj
3.651 0 Td
(no)Tj
1.2755 0 Td
(information)Tj
5.0797 0 Td
(on)Tj
1.2756 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4683 0 Td
(dynamics)Tj
4.0535 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0148 0 Td
(the)Tj
1.4684 0 Td
(stride)Tj
2.4718 0 Td
(interval)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
576 737.1 m
36 737.1 l
36 737.6 l
576 737.6 l
f*
36 741.2598 107.1496 23.6976 re
W* n
q
107.0929 0 0 23.6409 36 741.3165 cm
q
/I0 Do
Q
Q
Q
q
0 0 612 792 re
W* n
1 j
1 J
0 w
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 329.3291 745.7952 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(Fractal)Tj
3.2244 0 Td
(analyses)Tj
4.0961 0 Td
(reveal)Tj
2.8913 0 Td
(indepe)Tj
2.9339 0 Td
(ndent)Tj
2.6788 0 Td
(complexity)Tj
4.8614 0 Td
(and)Tj
1.8567 0 Td
(predictability)Tj
5.6694 0 Td
(of)Tj
1.0346 0 Td
(gait)Tj
ET
Q
q
1 j
1 J
0 w
36 48.0002 m
576 48.0002 l
576 47.5002 l
36 47.5002 l
f*
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
81.5811 34.9228 m
237.8835 34.9228 l
h
f*
0 g
7.9999 0 0 7.9999 36 36 cm
BT
/F0 1 Tf
1 TL
-0.005 Tc
0 0 Td
(PLOS)Tj
2.8559 0 Td
(ONE)Tj
2.3669 0 Td
(|)Tj
0.83 0.64 0.02 0 k
0.4748 0 Td
(https://doi.or)Tj
5.4142 0 Td
(g/10.137)Tj
3.8198 0 Td
(1/journal.po)Tj
5.1236 0 Td
(ne.01887)Tj
4.089 0 Td
(11)Tj
0 g
2.0906 0 Td
(November)Tj
4.7622 0 Td
(28,)Tj
1.5875 0 Td
(2017)Tj
32.5561 0 Td
(4)Tj
0.7654 0 Td
(/)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
105 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
106 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
107 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
108 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
109 0 obj
<>stream
endstream
endobj
110 0 obj
<>stream
BT
66.402 0 Td
(18)Tj
ET
Q
endstream
endobj
111 0 obj
<>/XObject<>>>/CropBox[0 0 612 792]/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Annots 117 0 R/Contents 118 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 612 792]>>
endobj
116 0 obj
<>stream
x]D{=iKH$d/tuU1vaVs@ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ O3 l
L@ @ @ dd&-W! @ @ }/g@ @ @ F0{rM-a@ @ @l~B]; @ @ ${9Rܗdz @ @